Spring面试必问核心知识点精讲

Spring 面试篇核心知识点与实战解析Spring 框架是 Java 开发中不可或缺的核心技术栈之一面试中常涉及其核心概念、设计思想及实际应用。以下从依赖注入、AOP、事务管理等关键点展开结合代码示例解析高频面试问题。依赖注入DI与控制反转IoCSpring 的核心思想是通过 IoC 容器管理对象生命周期和依赖关系。依赖注入是实现 IoC 的主要方式常见注入方式包括构造器注入和属性注入。// 构造器注入示例 Service public class UserService { private final UserRepository userRepository; Autowired public UserService(UserRepository userRepository) { this.userRepository userRepository; } } // 属性注入示例不推荐易导致循环依赖 Service public class OrderService { Autowired private OrderRepository orderRepository; }面试问题示例Autowired和Resource的区别Autowired按类型注入默认要求依赖存在Resource按名称注入支持 JDK 原生注解。AOP 编程与动态代理Spring AOP 通过动态代理实现横切关注点如日志、事务的模块化。JDK 动态代理和 CGLIB 是两种实现方式。Aspect Component public class LoggingAspect { Before(execution(* com.example.service.*.*(..))) public void logMethodCall(JoinPoint joinPoint) { System.out.println(Method called: joinPoint.getSignature()); } }关键点默认使用 JDK 动态代理需接口若无接口则切换为 CGLIB。EnableAspectJAutoProxy(proxyTargetClass true)强制使用 CGLIB。事务管理机制Spring 事务基于 AOP 实现提供声明式事务Transactional和编程式事务TransactionTemplate。Service public class PaymentService { Transactional(rollbackFor Exception.class) public void transfer(Account from, Account to, double amount) { from.debit(amount); to.credit(amount); } }常见陷阱事务失效场景同类方法调用、非 public 方法、异常被捕获。传播行为PROPAGATION_REQUIRED默认表示当前有事务则加入无则新建。Spring Bean 生命周期Bean 的生命周期由 Spring 容器管理关键阶段包括实例化、属性填充、初始化、销毁。Component public class CustomBean implements InitializingBean, DisposableBean { Override public void afterPropertiesSet() { System.out.println(初始化逻辑); } Override public void destroy() { System.out.println(销毁逻辑); } }扩展点PostConstruct和PreDestroy注解。BeanPostProcessor接口可干预 Bean 的初始化前后。Spring MVC 流程解析请求处理流程涉及DispatcherServlet、处理器映射、视图解析等组件。RestController RequestMapping(/api) public class UserController { GetMapping(/users/{id}) public ResponseEntityUser getUser(PathVariable Long id) { return ResponseEntity.ok(userService.findById(id)); } }高频问题ControllervsRestController后者直接返回 JSON等价于ControllerResponseBody。参数绑定RequestParam、PathVariable、RequestBody的区别。Spring Boot 自动配置原理自动配置通过EnableAutoConfiguration触发基于条件化配置Conditional实现。Configuration ConditionalOnClass(DataSource.class) public class DataSourceAutoConfiguration { Bean ConditionalOnMissingBean public DataSource dataSource() { return new HikariDataSource(); } 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